The first wigs appeared thousands of years before our era and were first used as ritual ornaments. They were made of animal fur, down and feathers of birds, and were often simply stuck to the head using dung and resin. The skillful ceremonial head-dress made of false hair was worn by Persian kings, Egyptian priests and pharaohs, and wigs were popular in ancient Rome. Due to the extremely negative attitude of the medieval Christian church, which considered that other people's hair hindered the blessing of God, in the Middle Ages wigs were practically not worn in Europe. European monarchs returned to their fashion, trying to hide gray hair or the consequences of diseases behind the luxuriant costumes.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries. the laundry has reached the heights of real art, during these years the social status of a person was judged primarily by the shape of the wig and the luxury of its decoration. The rich grandees had up to several dozen models of considerable size and length, costing a lot of money, and the best craftsmen kept the manufacturing techniques for the products that used sheep wool and rare plant fibers as a secret, passing them on to their children.
Modern wigs from artificial natural hair
The most expensive and high-quality material in all ages has been natural hair - it is easy to wash, dyed and amenable to chemical perm, resistant to biological effects and rotting. Hair of the Caucasoid race, having a length of more than 20 cm, is considered the most suitable. Those that have never been dyed and have retained their natural color are of particular value.
Even before you get into the hands of the designer, the hair is pre-treated. First, they are sorted, setting aside thin and weak, short separated from the long. Then comes the stage of disinfection using soap and soda solution, washing and drying in a special cabinet. For each wig, strands similar in structure are selected. Make detergents and from artificial fibers: acrylic, vinyl and polyamide, having a close to natural gloss, color and softness, resistant to temperature effects and able to retain shape and color after washing.
Fastening on the basis (monture) occurs in one of two main ways:
- Cracking, which consists in interlacing individual hairs in special ways into strands (tresa), which are then attached to the base. The most widely used are tris in one and two turns on three threads. On average, to get a tres of 1 cm, you need 5-7 bundles of hair, and on one wig it takes about 10 meters of tris.
- Tambouring - manual fixation of the hair with the help of a washing hook. At the same time, each bundle of 2-6 hairs is pulled into the base cell and tied in the form of a tightening loop into a single or double knot.
Care features
The methods of treatment of wigs depend primarily on whether they are made on the basis of natural or artificial hair, as well as on their quality and structure. Distinguish everyday care, independently carried out by the owner at home, as well as the processing performed by a professional - compositor or hairdresser.
Caring for products includes:
- combing the matted areas and then the entire wig as a whole,
- hair brushing and makeup with water and shampoo, cotton can be cleaned with alcohol or denatured alcohol,
- washing with soft water using soap suds followed by treatment of artificial hair with antistatic and natural hair with balsam,
- coloring with natural or chemical reagents, tinting and bleaching,
- perm on pertussis with fixation and subsequent neutralization of hair,
- cutting with simple and thinning scissors, safety and safety razors,
- styling using curlers, clamps, hair dryer and curling irons.
When caring for laundry products, it is necessary to carefully fix them on the form with the help of special pins and take special care of the mount, trying not to damage it during processing. Artificial hair wigs do not dye, and you can only comb and cut them in a dry form.
Primitive society
Surprisingly, even from the burials of mammoth hunters, archaeologists excavate bone crests. Just look how luxurious the hairstyles look on the sculptural images found in Malta, Willendorf and Buret.
Headbands were used as decorations. It is possible that wreaths of flowers woven on their heads were put on their heads, but such accessories, of course, were not preserved. For fixation, clay or oils were applied to hair in primitive times. In the history of hairstyles it was mentioned more than once about the use of special supports, so that during sleep they do not accidentally spoil the styling.
The hair of primitive women then fell on the shoulders, then they were laid in parallel horizontal rows or lay in zigzag ledges. Also, when creating hairstyles, they used ropes or straps.
Ancient Hellas
The inhabitants of these lands, working with hair, were guided by the principles of harmony and aesthetics, focusing on the integrity of the image and respect for proportions. Hairstyles in ancient Greece were a reflection of the position in society. For their creation slaves-kalamisty were attracted, occupying a special place in the homes of wealthy people. Specially trained people came up with exquisite compositions, trying to emphasize the natural beauty of hair and the perfection of the body structure of their "client".
During the archaic period, the naturally curly Greeks preferred simple lines and silhouettes. Long curls were curled into a spiral with the help of metal rods “kalamis”. Then they were laid in low bunches, picked up with tiaras, ribbons and hoops, and the loose ends were lowered onto the shoulders. However, the most popular hairstyle of ancient Greece were braids wrapped around the head with a double ring.
Later, curls came into vogue, stacked over the forehead like a bow, as shown in the statue of Apollo Belvedere.
As for women, they preferred hairstyles (the option with strands that are tightly laid on the back of the head). Soon it was complicated by numerous modifications of cinnamon, in other words, the framework, or the "Greek knot."
Ancient Rome
The population of one of the strongest states of antiquity took Greek images as a basis, but over time modified them.
In the Republic period, the Roman women had simple hairstyles, somewhat reminiscent of the "Greek knot". The curls were divided into two parts by direct parting, and in the back they were assembled into a volume bundle. Also in fashion was “nodus” - a roller made of hair, made over the forehead, and the rest of the strands were collected from behind, as in the previous version.
Unlike the Greek women, the Romans led an active lifestyle, sometimes ruled the people, standing behind the back of their sons and husband. They were in front of whom and where to show off. If at the Republic the hair was laid modestly, then in the period of the Empire the ancient Roman hairstyles became more complicated and became higher. Women braided various types of braids, curled or laid in several rows on a frame made of copper wire. This is how the tutulus hairstyle came about. An addition to such a construction on the head could be a cone-shaped cap.
The trendsetters most often were emperors (for men) and empresses (for women). For example, Agrippina the Younger (Claudia’s wife and Nero’s mother) wore a light bang on her forehead with two hemispheres created from parallel bands of curled strands. On each side, serpentine curls came down the neck.
Fashion changed so quickly that girls from noble families had to update their styling several times a day. As one of the poets of the time wrote, it is easier to count the number of acorns on the branching oak than the hairstyles of the Romans.
Separately, it is worth mentioning men. In the Republic period, their hair was cut to the ear lobes and slightly curled at the ends, and a fringe descended to the middle of the forehead. At the time of the Empire, the stronger sex imitated the emperors. For example, under Octavian Augusta, the perm came out of fashion, and the hair became straight.
Men's wigs were popular. But most often with their help, the elderly Romans disguised their baldness. S-shaped bangs also came into fashion. Among legionaries, the hedgehog haircut was very popular.
Ancient Egypt
The inhabitants of the state in northeastern Africa were not only excellent builders, mathematicians, physicians, astronomers, but also hairdressers. However, in those days such a word did not even exist. And if the clothes were as simple as possible - a piece of fabric, draped over shoulders, wrapped around the body and tied at the hips, then the Egyptian hairstyles were particularly complex.
Own curls had poor, commoners and young people. Pharaohs, priests, queens and officials always wore false hair. Natural wigs of ancient Egypt (the most expensive at all times) were made from human strands, and artificial wigs - from ropes, vegetable fibers, threads and animal hair. False hairs have always been of dark shades, and only in the last centuries of Egyptian civilization did they become multi-colored.
Since the climate in Africa is quite hot, men and women had to shave their heads. To avoid sunstroke, they often wore two wigs that were worn over each other. Between them formed a layer of air that protects people from heat stroke.
Female curly hair was of various forms - spherical, drop-shaped, "three-part" (strands descended on the back and chest), with a flat top and curls, divided into two parts and exactly trimmed tips.
A feature of the clergy (priests) were not only the huge masks of sacred animals, but also the same size wigs.
This concludes the history of hairstyles of the ancient world and set off to a new era.
Middle Ages
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, short haircuts left fashion for a long time. Men cut their hair to the shoulders or slightly higher, as long curls were a privilege of the nobility. Above the forehead strands intercepted by a metal hoop or strap, which is often decorated with precious stones.
Young women and girls dissolved braids, as air curls created with the help of heated forceps came into vogue. Married ladies covered their heads with a cap or kerchief. Only the spouse had the right to admire and admire the beauty of her hair. The only bright element was the headdress. These were veils and caps of various forms. By the way, it should be said that all the hairs that looked out from under the headdress were always shaved.
Baroque
In the first decades of the 17th century, short haircuts were still in men's fashion. However, in the 1920s and 1930s, the stronger sex switched to long hair, which was curled and tied with bows. During the reign of Louis XIV, this hairstyle remained, but with one significant difference - to use not your own, but artificial hair. It is believed that it was the Sun King who introduced men's wigs to fashion. However, the innovation was associated with an annoying fact - the monarch is bald. After that, not only Louis XIV wore fake hair, but all the courtiers.
Well, the most popular female baroque hairdo was “fountain”.
According to legend, it came up with one of the favorites of the king. During the hunt, when her hair was disheveled, she gathered them on the top of her head in a high bun and tied a garter with jewels. The monarch was delighted with what he saw and complimented Angelica de Fontange. After that, all the ladies of the court began to decorate their heads in a similar way. Various options were invented, but the main feature was the height and use of a large number of accessories: to create a “fountain” hairstyle, a lot of jewelry was required, silk ribbons and lace decor.
Rococo era
The history continues with an artistic style that carries lightness, grace, effeminateness and refined fragility. Worn "ke": twisted curls, combed on the back of the head in the tail and tied with a black ribbon. Then they began to remove the loose ends in a velvet bag. So there was a hairstyle a la bursa.
The most famous masters in the Rococo era were: Dazh, Lasker and Legros. The latter was the most outstanding. He developed the basics of hairstyle modeling and technology of hairdressing techniques. It was Legros who introduced the principle that the styling should correspond to the shape of the face, head, and even the figure.
It was fashionable to decorate the curls with ostrich feathers and fresh flowers, and that they did not fade, a bottle of water was inserted into the hair.
Empire style
According to the history of hairstyles, the French Revolution put an end to the “revelry” of the Rococo era. By the beginning of the 19th century, not only women's dresses became simpler, but also the appearance of hair - the Empire style reigned in European fashion. It can be characterized by a penchant for utility and comfort hairstyles.
In the Gallery of Beauties hang canvases written by Joseph Shtiller, where the style of the 19th century is most accurately conveyed. All the women depicted in his paintings were considered the standard of beauty of those times. If you pay attention, each had different versions of the same hairstyle: the hair is divided into 2 parts with a straight parting, curls are arranged on the sides or gathered in a neat bunch in the parietal zone of the head.
By the end of the 19th century, fashion prefers minimalism, and styling takes on a laconic form.
Bold trends of the 20s
The history of hairstyles takes us to the beginning of the twentieth century, which the girls met with sophisticated styling and long hair. However, the development of cinema completely changed the world. Thus, the image has lost its feminine romance, and for the first time short haircuts appear, symbolizing independence, victory and freedom.
The decision to cut long hair was influenced by the following factors:
- World War I. The girls went to the front, it became more difficult to care for curls in field conditions.
- The development of art. For the first time appears on the screens of French silent film actress with a short model haircut.
However, not every girl dared cut her hair, since such an image was condemned by the church, and the conservative leadership immediately deprived of work.
The era of blondes
Thanks to American actress Jean Harlow, the history of hairstyles was replenished with new images: the fashion for light curls came to replace the car. Sensual and attractive appearance of the blonde was considered the benchmark until the 50s. Women elegantly laid platinum and golden hair, creating soft waves.
The 30s are remembered by many Chicago style haircuts. The main changes, of course, affected women's hairstyles:
- the girls refused too long hair, so they reached the chin or shoulders,
- to emphasize sensuality, ladies began to bare collarbones and neck — for this, owners of long curls who did not want to have their haircut, had to pick them up and stab them at the base,
- Chicago style assumed the creation of light waves, and the second option was laying curls, neatly laid out on the head, temples and forehead.
The main hairstyles of the 30s became an elongated bob and a classic four-piece with thick bangs.
Time experiments
Fashionable styling 40's - roller, formed over the frontal part of the head. The rest of the hair was removed under the net. The curls were going to a tubule, but at first they were divided in two parts and created volumetric strands. Short haircut faded into the background, and inexpensive glamor was introduced into the history of hairstyles. The main icon of those years was considered Vivien Leigh. After the release of the film "Gone With the Wind" on the screens, the image of the actress was copied by many women.
The 50s were marked by the only idea - the weaker sex wanted to quickly forget about the war and restore beauty by any means. This period has become known for conflicting images. Such sexy blondes like Brigitte Bardot and Marilyn Monroe competed with the beauty of the hot brunette Gina Lollobrigida.
During this period, women did completely different hairstyles: wavy curls, short haircuts, volumes, smooth strands. And if you could not create a styling, use natural wigs and hairpieces.
60-70s
The image of the 60s was influenced by the hippie movement. Girls dressed up in loose clothing, which was in harmony with the long flowing locks. But the main discovery of that period was the appearance of the babette. To create it, a large roller was used, substituted for the horsetail hairstyle. For the first time, women met her thanks to Brigitte Bardot after the release of the film “Babette Goes to War”.
The next fashion trend was styling in the style of afro. After the release of the painting "The Witch" with Marina Vlady, many women preferred light long curls. But a tiny model of Twiggy poured oil on the fire, which impressed the fans with a short haircut. Completed a decade hairstyle "Gavrosh."
In the 70s, punk style comes in response to the free image of hippies. The direction of the characteristic multi-colored curls, haircut "hedgehog". The end of the controversial flow will be a perm, and Bob Marley will bring dreadlocks and small braids into fashion.
The cascade epoch and the 90s
During this period, the history of women's hairstyles experienced a return to the former fashion. Soft waves, curls and long hair reappear. Strands are also dyed, but women increasingly prefer natural shades. Comes back. Owners of long hair do the causing styling: the main task is to add volume, that's why hairs are used. The most popular haircut becomes a cascade. The basis of the strands of different lengths, created by the technique of "ladder".
The last decade of the twentieth century did not have clear boundaries. Flawless and avant-garde haircuts are combined with classic styling. However, after the release of the TV series "Friends" all records for copying the style of your favorite heroes were beaten by Rachel Green's hair.
Quite a lot of followers were supermodel Kate Moss. The girls liked to experiment with styling and weaving colored strands into braids and using various accessories.
Even after going a long way of development, the history of hairstyles did not know such diversity as in the 21st century. When most countries proclaimed the right to individual and individual freedom, and interethnic and territorial borders were erased by the Internet, people wanted to stand out against the background of the general mass. Therefore, it is difficult to say what kind of haircut or styling characterizes our time.
Nevertheless, the general global trend can be traced. Color, haircut and hairstyle accessories are not as important as hair, health and appearance. Forgotten perm, sunk into oblivion dreadlocks. The four of a kind, Hollywood curls, sloppy bun, Greek braid, and - from the presentation of the designers - once popular babette - have returned to fashion.
The main hairstyles of this summer, according to stylists, will be:
- Short haircut "a la garcon". Dignity - the lack of styling.
- Pin-up
- A high hairstyle with a diadem will be a great addition to a wedding image.
- Any variation of caret. A great option for owners of straight rare hair, as visually increases the density.
- Graduated haircuts. The main condition - long curls. The winning option will be the presence of streaked steps ,,
- Light wavy styling, like those of Blake Lively, Chrissy Teigen and Mila Kunis.
The history of men's hairstyles for the last 100 years
Did the talented hairdresser of the French Courtyard Legros think that descendants will easily move 100 years ago a few centuries later and find out how the images of the stronger sex have changed over the decades.
For several years, a video showing the major changes in haircuts and hairstyles over the last century has been popular. In just 1.5 minutes, Samuel Orson’s model “tried on” 11 images showing changes in the appearance of men. Let's watch!
As can be seen from the history, emperors, public and famous people influenced the development of hairstyles. Now, in the age of instant dissemination of any information via the Internet, it is difficult to keep track of all the trends, but if you pay attention, it becomes clear that the emphasis is again on naturalness and simplicity. It doesn't matter what hairstyle on the head, the main thing is the health, beauty and grooming of your hair.
Where did the wigs come from?
For the first time wigs began to be worn in ancient Egypt. This accessory was considered very fashionable. The pharaohs even kept with them special people who were engaged in making wigs.
Products must be worn at ceremonial events. It should be noted that women wigs were simpler than men. Made them from real hair, animal hair, plant fibers.
Over time, these products have covered other countries. They were produced in various forms and were used more in theatrical performances. At the same time, blond hair was chosen for good heroes, and dark hair for bad ones. People playing the comedy role, wore red wigs.
In Russia, artificial hair appeared from the time of Peter I. Female representatives liked wigs very much, but men also wore them in case of any events. Over time, these products have lost their popularity, now they are used only for personal purposes, games in theaters, cinema.
French wigs
In the history of wigs, France also left its mark. A Royal Decree was issued in this country, according to which it was forbidden to wear white wigs to people who were not royal blood. Therefore, by appearance alone, it was possible to understand what class a person belonged to.
King Louis XIII himself also had to wear artificial hair. Such a need arose due to baldness due to the disease. From the king began to take the example of the courtiers.
In the 17th century, the famous “Alonge” wig was invented, having a slightly elongated shape. Such a product can now be seen in many portraits of people of that time. It could also have a middle parting, which divided the hair into two parts, which is why it was called “horned” by the people.
Louis XIV also wore wigs, while giving it great importance. Because of this, artificial hair has become very popular. All people simply had to have at least three wigs.
An interesting fact is that in the absence of a white wig, powder or flour was applied to dark hair. People from the people also wore wigs, but they were simpler. They were made from sheep's wool, dog or horse tails, corn fiber. In the production of wigs were even natural hair, which was taken from criminals. People convicted of an act could inherit their curls to relatives, as they were quite expensive.
After the French revolution in 1789, wigs were forbidden to wear. Wearing a wig could be the reason for the death penalty.
Modern artificial hair
Nowadays, wigs are worn loosely at will. Shops offer a huge assortment of artificial strips. They are made from different materials.
Now popular wigs from natural human hair. They are preferred because they look more attractive, more natural, and are easily amenable to any type of treatment. But such hair in production is quite small, so there is a need to use artificial materials.
The most common at the moment are the following substitutes for natural hair:
· Acrylic and Modacrylic Fibers. They are attractive externally, can be processed, but deteriorate under the influence of a temperature of more than 60 ° C. Therefore, they can not be washed with hot water and curl with forceps.
· Vinyl fiber. Such material can be heated to 100 ° C. But if the wig was with wavy hair, then after washing it will begin to straighten.
· Polyamide fibers. Such hair can withstand up to 200 ° C, so you can carry out any type of treatment.
It is best to give preference to wigs made of natural hair. They will look so natural that no one will guess that the curls are not their own.
The first wigs in Russia.
In Russia, they learned about wigs from the emperor - Peter I. He easily began to wear wigs and considered this an absolute norm. Women did not immediately appreciate the new fashion trend, and the clergy were categorically against such innovations. The king had his own hair long, and he preferred a wig - short, so his strands were often knocked out from under the wig.
The story is known, how once on a journey (in 1722) Peter I cut off gorgeous hair and ordered to sew a wig out of them.
Of which only wigs were not made at different times:
Fashion wigs in the modern world.
Today the most popular artificial material for the manufacture of wigs is Kanekalon. This extract of algae, the material is light and looks like real hair. The price of such models is quite budget and care is quite simple. Of course, it’s not enough to buy professional alternative hair products - shampoo, conditioner and spray. But washing the artificial wig is not often needed, so the expense of funds will be quite economical.
These wigs are well kept styling and suitable for regular wear. The only thing - they can not be dried and heated - the wig will instantly be spoiled and it will be impossible to restore it.
Natural wigs are very popular, long serve and delight in their appearance. They can be repainted, dried and curled. However, due to the relatively high price, not every woman can afford to buy such a model.
There are also thermocouple - they are made of high-strength thermofibre, which can withstand high temperatures and allows you to change the hairstyle and use heating devices.
